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低速重载滚动轴承的振动特征

2024-10-28

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滚动轴承是低速旋转机械中使用zui多、zui为关键、且zui易损坏的机械零件之一。低速旋转机械一般为重载机械,对因轴承出现故障而产生的振动不敏感,一些故障不易被发现。振动测量方法对低速旋转机械故障诊断容易失效,因为振动方法检测不到机械设备的工作频率。低速重载滚动轴承振动具有以下特征:

(1)由于转速很低,由故障点产生的冲击响应频率较低,不能激励起较高的频率成分,激起的系统共振频段响应微弱,给选取合适的解调频带造成许多困难(如:高通滤波器会将3Hz以下的频率过滤掉);

(2)重型设备运转过程多伴随较为严重的环境噪声,给信号降噪和故障特征的提取带来显著困难,频谱分析效果很差甚至无法进行;

(3)冲击故障的瞬态性问题,每次故障冲击的间隔较长,使用冲击法很难准确地检测到故障信号;

(4)与常规转速下的轴承振动信号相比,为满足一段信号中包含若干次故障冲击,低速滚动轴承所需的信号时间更长、数据量更大,显著增加复杂信号处理算法所需的计算量,降低故障诊断的时效性。

因此,对低速重载滚动轴承的振动监测,重在背景噪声的分离和故障特征的增强提取方法,无论是时域、频域还是时频域的结合,定量诊断都是很困难,要结合应用和方法不断积累和优化,才能真正指导实践和实际应用。

另外,也可以利用润滑脂的光谱和铁谱分析方法对其该类低速重载的滚动轴承进行状态监测,以避开常规的振动传感器很难拾取此类低频的信号,振动分析无法进行的问题。

来源:轴承杂志社

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